Here, a big CAVEAT should be noted that I am not familiar with medical terms or I may not even have a common knowledge in the medical field. There may be inappropriate uses of terms or deductions. I'm only attempting to share with you my understanding of Dr. Matsumoto's book in Japanese, "Where the Japanese came from? Answering from (Gm) blood types" (in Japanese) (NHK Books #652).
Therefore, corrections, (doubtful) questions will be welcomed.
A human has two positions for the Gm (blood) types, one of the positions inherits from one's father and the other from mother. Therefore, there is a Mendel type statistical results expectable to the offsprings.
There have been 8 allotypes (in my layman's term, "basic elements") found in the Gm blood type of human beings. Namely, a, b1, b3, c, f, g, s and t.
These basic elements, then, couple or compound to make a haplo-type. I'm not sure of its spelling or meaning, but, in layman's term again, it is THE "(blood) TYPE" which we are looking at, or a person has two pieces of the TYPE.
There are 9 "TYPES" found worldwide, i.e., ag (combination of a and g), axg, ab3st, afb1, fb1b3, fb1c, ab1c, ab1b3 and ab3s.
In Dr. Matsumoto's book, these "types" are represented by colors for ease of reading. Taking advantage of HTML ability for colors, I'll try to simulate that.
| ab3st | afb1b3 |
| fb1b3 | fb1c |
| ab1c | ab1b3 | ab3s |
The book tables a list of about 90 (tribal) groups that shows which "types" each people group has. For example, 73% of Australian aborigine have ag (blue) type and 27% have axg (green) type, but no yellow nor red types. Japanese or Ainu has four types with different density, namely, blue, green, yellow and red. Caucasian does not have the yellow type, but white type. Mongoloid does not share the white type.
Some selected data are bar graphed. It is recommended that one looks at the graphs in the full size screen, otherwise, proportion of areas may not be represented properly.
| afb1b3 |
| afb1b3 |
| afb1b3 |
| . | . | . |
| . | . | ||
| ab3st |
| axg | |||
Now, the Ainu in question: 57.1% have blue, 13.4% green, 25.2% yellow and 4.3% have red. Japanese, Koreans, Chinese, all have the four colors (as a group) with different density.
Although the table does not list numeric data for certain people, the book provides a world map to which pie charts for various people are given. Where exact numbers are not known, I read from the pie charts. Nearly 80% of English people have fb1b3 (white) with 15% of blue and 5% of green following, typical of Caucasian in that they do not have yellow.
In the central Africa, over 90% people there have ab1b3 (brown) with the rest having black factor.
What would be the origin of x or g factor which makes ag or axg, that are relatively stronger in Asiatic people? Independently in Asia? Or, again, by mutation by the cosmic ray?
How about ab3st which is strong in eastern Asia, or a marker for Mongolid? How red, afb1b3, which is thick in southern China and Pacific, was originated?